The Crucible and McCarthyism Paralleled free essay sample

Miller paralleled McCarthy by writing about the events and ways of thinking that prompted the outbreaks, the immediate reactions Of the people, the reasons why the leaders Of both vents started the chaos, and even the evidence the courts used against the accused people in his play. The New England Puritans had always been a very strict society with minimal enjoyment and pleasures. In The Crucible the girls who become the main providers of the spectral evidence were originally going to get punished for dancing in the forest.When questioning Abigail, Reverend Paris says to Abigail he cannot denounce the rumor of witchcraft when he saw the girls dancing like heathen, but Abigail says that she is willing to be punished with a whipping (Miller 9). This parallels McCarthy with the fear of anything related to communism. After World War II and during the Cold War, Americans were on edge and outright terrified about anything related-directly or indirectly-to Communism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible and McCarthyism Paralleled or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This even stretched to dog breeds; the German Shepherds popularity declined after World War II because of anti;German sentiments and was even temporarily renamed to the Alsatian Wolf Dog (Animal Planet). Both in America during the 1 sass-ass and in 1692, towns were filled with people on edge and people who were cared of what tomorrow would bring, from an accusation of being a witch to a USSR attack. It seemed that Communism was starting to take over the world with the Iron Curtain taking territory and democracy falling which raised fear in Americas their well being and that of their governments (Brinkley).There were also witchcraft trials in Europe from 1480 to 1 750 where 40,000 to 60,000 people were executedmore than a thousand times more than the Salem Witch Trialsbut in America there were not many witchcraft accusations before the Salem Witch Trials (Brinkley). Similarly, before the itch hunts of the sass-ass there was not much bad talk about communism and there was even a Commun ist Party USA that played a prominent role in the US labor movement from the 1 sass-ass (Socialism ASSAI).On both situations panic was raised to monumental heights that led to extreme situations and was the result Of one persons influence. The Salem Witch Trials were conjured by a mixture of fear, ambition, frustration, jealousy, and perverted pride that ended with men and women hanged (Miller vii). It all started with Abigail Williams accusing her black servant of conjuring the dead n the forest to cover up that she and a few of her friends were cursing the wife of the man she had an affair with (Miller 40); Abigail was just trying to cover up her own UN-Puritan tracks.Also because of this affair, the wife that was cheated on had been, blackening {Abigail name] in the village which was the other reason Abigail was cursing her to death in the forest (Miller 22). The Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy gave a speech in February of 1950 that dropped a bombshell by saying, The State Department is infested with Communists and that he had a list of over a hundred members of the Communist party who were state employees (Roberts). McCarthy had just been voted by the capital press corps as the worst Senator in Washington, but was able to raise fear of Communists in America (Roberts).McCarthy accusations led a few hundred people to prison and two To the electric McCarthy was able to fuel fear already present because of the wars, just as Abigail was able to spark fear of witches in the Puritan society with her accusations. Blood was shed in both scenarios and after the just settled, both leaders faded into obscurity; Abigail disappeared and Was found as a prostitute in Boston and McCarthy was censured by the Senate (one of the few senators to ever be disposed of in this fashion) and died at age 48 as a result of hepatitis (most likely from alcoholism (Wisped).During the Salem Witch Trials, Abigail was the able to strike fear into everyone by even getting the people to part like the sea for Israel when she walks through the courtroom and is seen as a saint in the eyes of the village (Miller 50). The evidence Abigail used was physical harm that she inflicted on herself, such as stabbing herself with a needle to accuse Goody Proctor of sending spirits on her (Miller 70), and most of all spectral evidence which was declared not a cceptable by law shortly before the Witch Trials were shut down (Davidson and Eyelet).During the 1 sass-ass, many Americans were inclined to believe the worst, even without evidence and McCarthy used this to his advantage by saying that there were non hundred and five state department employees who were members of the communist party thought there was ally only fifty seven alleged communists in office (Roberts). McCarthy found mostly flimsy evidence (Roberts) that was the equivalence to spectral evidence in the sass. Later, people declared McCarthy a serious violations of due process as did people after the Witch Trials (Checkers). Some courageous critics called McCarthy investigations and accusations a fraud and a hoax (Grim), but some of them, like Arthur Miller, were even accused of Communism (Roberts). Like Abigail, McCarthy was stoking fear and smearing anyone in his path, accusing everyone who crossed him of communism. People who tried calling out Abigail for her false accusations were accused Of witchcraft and she even openly threatened Judge Detonator when he tried asking her if all of the girls actions in the court were fake or not (Miller 100).Some critics say the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthy were not paralleled using examples such as The Crucible spanning about four months and the McCarthy investigations that lasted for a decade. Though the period of time in which both events happened differentiated, there are still more parallels between McCarthy and the Salem Witch Trials than differences. Another difference is that there were some, though not many, Communists found with the investigations by Mc Carthy including Nuclear scientist].Robert Oppenheim, but it was more often than not that the people being accused were innocent like the Salem Witch Trials (Gigs). Miller was able to parallel McCarthy by writing about the events and ways of thinking that prompted the outbreaks, the immediate reactions of the people, the reasons why the leaders of both events started the chaos, and even the evidence the courts used against the accused people in his play.

Reimbursement and Pay for Service free essay sample

Introduction In this paper we will discuss what pay for performance is and explain what the reimbursement affect is. In this paper it will show how the system figures out cost reduction and the impact of the quality care patients receive. How does reimbursement and pay for performance affect the physicians? Does this affect us now and will it in the future? Health care has been changing dramatically because of history, political and social along with economical reasons. Reimbursement and pay for performance can and may even change the quality of care. Pay-for-performance because our current payment system we are using is not emphasizing preventive care for patients or consumers. Pay-for-Performance is payment used in the health care it is and has been based off of clinical information. The idea is to help tie the payment to what and how well providers help the cost of health care drop. The intent is for preventive care medicine to helping decrease and help with the management of chronic illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Reimbursement and Pay for Service or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Pay-for-Performance Incentive Programs in Health Care ( N.D.) With in several months studies have shown that the studies show that the pay for performance works and others that say it does not work. Effect of Pay-for-Performance on Reimbursement Here are some examples of pay for performance is Bridges of Excellent, which is a nonprofit health care plan. Its major factor is patients with diabetes. They feel like over 60% of patients with diabetes don’t get the proper treatment and care. The American Diabetes Association has standards and the Bridges to excellent plan gives annual bonuses to physicians in specific areas such as Boston, Louisville and Cincinnati these cities could and have meet the requirements of this health care plan. On this plan Diabetic care calls for the patient being compliant with care and medications. In this plan the blood sugar test and kidney function and retinal exams would have  to be done on a consistent bases. In this plan compensation is up to and over $100.00 per patient for the providers that stick to the rules. Another plan is Anthem Indianapolis this plan started in 1999 that employed over 25 OBGYN providers in Ohio. This is the oldest plan within the US. This plan is done on and by patient satisfaction. Providers push generic drugs instead of name brand ones. Pay For Performance Pay for performance is a movement in health care field. Providers under this arrangement are rewarded for meeting pre-established target dates for specific health care services or procedures. This is also known as P4P or â€Å"value-based purchasing,† this rewards physicians, clinics, and rehabilitation centers, Surgical clinics, hospitals, medical groups, and other healthcare providers. They are rewarded for meeting certain performance measures, as well as quality and efficiency. (Wachter, Bob; (2012) Pay for performance does things such as eliminating payments for negative consequences of care. Which can be medical errors from all health care providers. Errors have increased costs. With increase of seasoned senior citizens and disability patients the high rising cost of health care has brought the P4P to the front of the line. Brought P4P to the forefront of health policy discussions. There have been some studies done by several large healthcare systems. With this it has shown improvements with specific outcomes. A little efficie ncy has taken effect, but at no cost savings. How much are they really saving because the cost of administrative services is still required. Explains how reimbursement is affected by the pay-for- performance approach. Within the last decade or years the economy has had many people becoming unemployed and finding jobs at a lower pay rate as to where they cannot afford insurance because they are to high. With being done more people are applying for Medicaid and with all the seasoned senior citizens retiring and receiving Medicare these two insurances are already participating in this service. Majority of health care systems are participating. Many believe  that for- profit and non-for-profit health care facilities believe in lower cost for providers that meet the standards of quality care. Care field. There is a perception that cost is driving up health care treatment. Cost reductions lowers cost of visits, emergence room visits, and urgent care visits. It also helps providers to promote preventive care to their patients. Making sure that all hospitals and providers are on the same scale of service. Preventive care helps prevent insurance premiums from rising at cost to the company and consumer. Effect of Pay-for-Performance health care Providers and their Patients This plan has the support of providers, hospitals and even patients. With this pay for providers must have and use good judgment for treatment and medication and test that maybe ran. The health care cannot be rated by race, ethnic background, or the patient’s social status. This plan should not judge by a patient’s location. This plan is and should be a relationship between patient and provider. The provider needs to understand the patients beliefs and it may help them to treat them and respond to certain myths and recommendations that the provider may suggest. Hospitala and providers and helat care workers are being encouraged to buy into the P4P by different agencies and tahe government. Individual health plans area chiming in also. It has pros and cons such as weakness that may or may not improve health care. It is suppose to help lower or slow down ER visits and physicians visits. Now if the providers give quality and efficent care they would and could get financial rewards if patient care improves. P4P measures performance and policy set up for putting this service in action. Discusses the effects pay-for-performance will have on the future of health care The P4P effects that will be seen in the future of health care is that the health care field will see it expand. Pay-for-Performance-defined a reimbursement service that will have links to payments for quality care, which will be an incentive to help improve health care quality of patients by physicians, and hospitals. In improving health care it is suppose to reduce the cost of It was expected that hospitals and providers would respond to P4P incentives. For future health care will based on quality health care and it will become a contract for reimbursement. Patients should feel like they have gotten the  value of their money. One effect of future health care is those physicians and hospitals that don’t participate will be at less to receive patients. Patients that have this health care plan will be more apt to seek physicians that participate. (Goldberg, L; (2006) Conclusion People in the health care field are getting interested in the pay for performance because the health care guidelines and regulations are changing in Medicaid, Medicare and private insurance. More hospitals and clinics and specialty facilities and rehab centers are loving receiving incentives for their participation and in the process they are saving cost to patients and insurance companies. P4P is working with insurance companies and providers for the quality of care for patients to be improved. Now managed care is now looking at pay for performance. Reimbursement being linked to pay for performance is like being paid to shop for the best bargain or the most person to fit your needs.

Using the APA Format Citation of Website in Essay Sample

Using the APA Format Citation of Website in Essay SampleThe APA format citation of website in essay sample can be used for online writing for university coursework, college work, or any type of research. There are many cases where a lot of research has to be done online and it is helpful to have a written reference that is easy to read and easy to cite. It is also very important to cite the sources that you use when citing a website or article.The use of the APA format is widely accepted because it is not only accepted by the professional writing community but it is also recognized as the most accessible way to describe your sources and information in writing. You can create a layout for your document that makes it easy to read and easier to put into a citation.The guidelines for the proper citation of a website in essay sample will depend on the type of information you are citing. For instance, if you are writing about an online dictionary, you would want to make sure the words you are using are properly spelled and match the dictionary. It would also be good to put the exact title of the online dictionary so that you do not leave out important details. However, when you are compiling the information for your essay, you need to follow the directions for APA format citation of website in essay sample that is given to you when you are first beginning your research.When you are writing a research paper for a university course or a college course, the use of the APA format will be greatly appreciated because it will give you an organized way to label each page. When you begin to read your essay, you will be able to know where each page starts and ends because you will be able to see where each paragraph begins and ends. It will be easier to find the specific information you are looking for if you have an easy to read structure.It is also necessary to use the proper citations of websites in essay sample so that you do not leave out any important details. You do not want to cite the wrong source because it will be difficult to take everything you write and understand. When you are formatting the APA format citation of website in essay sample, you should always indicate who owns the material you are quoting. You should also list the author of the source as well as the year that the source was published so that it is easy to determine whether the source is from the past or the present.Your essay may contain some quotations from other sources as well, but only once. You should not use other sources in your dissertation or essay. If you need to use these sources in your essay, you should place them in their proper place.It is important that you only use the correct source in order to keep your document straight and well organized. If you are unsure about the source that you have chosen, you should consult the University's citation assistance or have a trusted friend or family member look at your material for you. The information should be correct, so that you do not end up with a poorly written document that you cannot properly cite.Always make sure that you follow the guidelines for the APA format citation of website in essay sample that you will be given. You should keep your writing straight and well organized in order to avoid confusion with all of the references that you will need to cite. You should never use any reference material if you do not understand it because your research papers and essays are designed to be easy to read and understand so that students will have a chance to excel in their studies.

Count Of Monte Cristo Essays (600 words) - Literature, Fiction

Count Of Monte Cristo Fernand Mondego was a simple fisherman who led a dull, monotonous life and was not very important in the social status. If he had just been content in all of his circumstances, his life might have been better. However, from the very beginning of the book, Fernand's goal in life was to obtain things he could not obtain. He desired power, fame, fortune-- and Mercedes. Most of these could be obtained in time, but Mercedes was one thing that Fernand knew he would never get unless Edmond Dantes disappeared for good. He set out with revenge against him and used a devious plan to fulfill his desires. His character traits were all built on one thing: greed. He had many other traits, such as jealousy, selfishness, and slyness, which were important in accomplishing his goals. Perhaps the most important was jealousy. Fernand had a jealous temperament. In Chapter Three, Fernand asked Mercedes to marry him with these words, "Listen Mercedes, it's almost Easter again-- a good time for a wedding. Give me an answer!" Fernand burned with rage when Mercedes answered his plea with, "I love you like a brother, but never ask anything more of me because my heart belongs to someone else." This someone else just happened to be Edmond Dantes, the new captain of the Pharoan. From that point on, Fernand was very envious of Dantes. Fernand had done every thing in his power to capture Mercedes' heart and yet the one who held it was Edmond Dantes. This made him very jealous and discontented. Another trait Fernand possessed was selfishness. Fernand was extremely selfish and self-centered. Everything that he did revolved around him. After learning that Mercedes refused to marry him, she showed up clinging to Dantes. The book describes Mercedes trying to introduce them in this way, "Keeping her" (Mercedes') "hand clasped in his, Edmond held out his other hand to Fernand. But Fernand remained as motionless and still as a statue. Edmond looked inquiringly at Mercedes, who was trembling and upset, then at Fernand, who scowled threateningly." If Fernand really loved Mercedes, he would think of her feelings and be happy for her. The only thoughts that buzzed around in his head, however, were his own feelings of resentment toward Edmond, so he refused to shake his hand. These feelings of hatred led to a sly plan that Fernand concocted along with Danglers. Being very sly and clever were some other character traits that Fernand possessed. Because of his selfishly jealous nature towards Dantes, he plotted revenge. Fernand figured that the only way to obtain Mercedes would be to get Edmond Dantes out of the way. Teaming up with Danglers, he wrote a letter accusing Edmond of carrying a letter from Elba to the Bonapartist committee in Paris. Fernand delivered the letter to carry out their conniving plan. The commissary came to the betrothal feast and said, "'Which one of you gentlemen is Edmond Dantes?'" Edmond replied, "'I'm Edmond Dantes, sir. What do you want with me?'" The commissary said, "'Edmond Dantes, you are under arrest.'" This confirms the fact that the evil plan worked and Dantes was put into jail for fourteen long years. Fernand's character traits were important. They added to the story and showed why Dantes got revenge on him. He could have done many things with his life and could have been used in many ways, but he did not. Because all of his desires were self-seeking, he did not go anywhere in life. His jealous nature was part of what destroyed him. Contentedness was definitely not a strong point in Fernand's character. He was egotistical and had many selfish desires as well. These traits combined with his shrewdness and conniving nature eventually led him to destruction.

The Colonization Of China Essays - ChinaUnited Kingdom Relations

The Colonization Of China The Colonization of Hong Kong Colonization from large economic powers brought disease and death to the indigenous population and wealth and power to their conquers. Many civilizations were crushed under the rule of European Superpowers though Hong Kong was the exception. The colonization of Hong Kong made the British wealthy and the indigenous population also reaped the benefits of their newfound wealth The insisted that China should trade with the rest of the world in the 1800's. The Chinese were very reluctant to do so and as a consequence they only left one port open to trade with the Western world, Guangzhou, the Capital of Guandong. The high prices instigated by the Chinese leaders, the Qing, gold and silver were the only goods China would accept. This lead to draconian treatment of the Qing by the British traders. The official trade monopoly was know as Cohong. Even though the British government and traders were enraged by this embargo they still continued to trade with the Chinese none the less. Increasingly the greedy want for gold and silver by the Qing was barely reached by the British traders. Indian opium became more lucrative as a commodity and the British who ruled over India at the time, started to trade with Opium, even though Opiates were illegal. Opium is an extremely addictive and popular drug that was used by millions of Chinese. As corruption and addiction becam e prevalent, silver and gold stores slowly but surely drained. The Chinese Emperor Daoguang tried to stop Opium trade by instigating trade laws and hired various commissioners to reinforce them against the Chinese and British traders. In March 1839 Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu was assigned to destroy 1400 tons of opium. Lin blockaded the British traders in their compounds and the Opium was destroyed by the Chinese troops. Theses actions gave the British they opportunity they had been looking for, a reason to declare war on China. In June 1840 a British fleet arrived in Guangzhou demanding repayment for the lost opium. Meanwhile another fleet moved towards Tianjing and threatened the Capital, Beijing. The Emperor immediately dismissed Commissioner Lin and instated a new commissioner Qishan. Qishan capitulated to the British demands and signed the Convention of Quanbi, which in January 1841 handed Hong Kong over to the British, as well as a substantial compensation for the lost opiu m. Opium trade then continued in Guangzhou bringing huge financial gain to the British Empire. The Chinese were under the false belief that by signing the Quanbi Convention that all hostilities would end. This would prove to be a grave mistake. Both the Chinese and British Empire later revoked the Convention. The Chinese believed that the British Empire received far too much gain from the Convention. The British government believed they received too little. In the August of 1841 the British fleet embarked on yet another voyage to the north of China. The British fleet successfully sacked and destroyed number of northern cities and villages. This latest expedition forced the Qing to concede and sign the Treaty of Nanjing; this was the first stage of the British acquisition of Hong Kong. The British acquired Hong Kong in three stages, the first, Hong Kong Island was signed over to the British in the Nanjing Treaty. His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying out Mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the Cities of Canton (Guangzhou), Amoy (Xiamen), Foochow-fu (Fuzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo) and Shanghai, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., will appoint Superintendents or Consul Officers, to reside at each of the above mentioned cities or town to be the medium of communication between the Chinese authorities and said Merchants?.-A select article from the Treaty of Nanjing. The provisions of the Nanjing Treaty made it clear that it was the Western desire to potentially vast markets in China, and not opium, that was the real reason for the unequal treaties imposed on China by the British after the Treaty of Nanjing. Opium was a con venient excuse. Hong Kong Island was too small for the British's liking. Soon landings were made

The Rules of the Fashion Industry The WritePass Journal

The Rules of the Fashion Industry Introduction The Rules of the Fashion Industry IntroductionTraditional Supply Chain Issues in Fashion Apparel Industry1. Changing Customer Tastes Unmet Due to Long Lead Time   3. Inflexible Supply Chain Hindering   Control4. Ineffective Information Flow Impacting Operational Efficiency Countering Traditional Supply Chain Issues The Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices1. Quick Response to Shifting Consumer Tastes and Demands2. Increased Flexibility of   Supply Chain Through Vertical Integration3. Better Inventory Management Through Controlled Production4. Use of   Efficient IT Infrastructure   for Rapid Information DisseminationLimitation of Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices1. Vertical Integration v/s Economies of Scale2. Centralised Distribution Centres v/s Global Expansion3. Vertical Integration in New Markets v/s High Labour and Production Costs  The Best Fit Supply Chain Practices   for a Fast Fashion Retail Company1.   Seamless Integration of Design Cycles with Inventory Control2.   Make Them And   Buy S ome3. Negotiate Shipping Contracts for Overseas Expansion E-Retailing4. Use   Efficient IT Systems for Seamless   Information FlowConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction The rules of the fashion industry have changed. Fashion is no longer the diktats of seasonal fashion houses. Fashion today is ever evolving, ever changing. What’s hot today is not tomorrow.   The definition of haute couture (high fashion) and prà ªt-a-porter (ready to wear) no longer bear the exclusive association of highly-priced designer garments or expensive boutiques available to the cream of society. The average person be it a teen , college student, guy or   girl next door, mums and dads with toddlers, or people in their 40s and 50s ageing like fine wine, just about everyone wants to be trendy, fashionable, well dressed and smart.   Affordable, fast-changing fashion is driven by customer needs and demands and not supply.   Making affordable, fast-changing styles of fashionable clothes to the consumer is the key success driver of the fashion retailers. Consequently, the choice of a supply chain management (SCM) model and the supply chain practices adopted by fashion companies are also keeping the customer at the helm.    Traditional Supply Chain Issues in Fashion Apparel Industry As I begin to research the best possible SCM model for the fast-fashion retail company I’ve been hired for, I first seek to understand the limiting factors in the traditional supply chain management in apparel industry. My analysis of the broad issues are as follows:   1. Changing Customer Tastes Unmet Due to Long Lead Time   In any retail operation, particularly of fashion garments, there is variability in consumer demand due to changing tastes. For example tunic tops last quarter, jeggings this quarter and so on. Changing consumer tastes and long lead time from design to production render ordering of fashion garments risky. The long lead time also hinders offering variety to consumers in terms of styles and range.   As consumer tastes become more diverse and fast changing, increasing the fashion range and decreasing the garment lifecycle, whilst managing inventory becomes exponentially challenging. 2. Unpredictability in Demand Resulting in Inventory Costs The problem of selling fashion garments due to demand uncertainty has grown enormously for fashion retail houses. Adding to this problem is the level of SKUs (stock keeping units), which raises the level of uncertainty if a particular range of fashion garment will sell or not in a given season. This means the retailer carrying a range of fashion garments that don’t sell or overstock and also that sells beyond expectations resulting in running out of stock. Delays in replenishment for not having an inventory of fashion garments in high demand will result in stock-out costs. Therefore, inventory is not always undesirable. Three types of costs are typically incurred in inventory: Enforced markdown of unsold overstocked garments Loss of sales due to stock outs of high-demand clothes   Warehousing costs The level of inventory will depend on forecasted demand, frequency of orders, lead time and cost to receive replenishment. 3. Inflexible Supply Chain Hindering   Control Supply chain includes different requirements and roles from its participants. The typical participants include Supplier, Manufacturer, Distributor, Retail Merchant and Consumer. The fashion manufacturer’s success hinges on their ability to maintain relationships between each of the entities in the supply chain. In a way, the participants of the supply chain foster dependency and a slight slip at the supplier end has the capacity to bring operations in the supply chain to a grinding halt. This dependency of the manufacturer on various entities of the supply chain necessitates weighing the option of make v/s buy. The strategy involves decision on activities that can be performed in-house versus those that can be outsourced. Control, quality and speed of the activities within the supply chain are key determinants in choosing make or buy, produce in-house or outsource. 4. Ineffective Information Flow Impacting Operational Efficiency The IT infrastructure or lack thereof has a direct impact on the information flow between entities, which in turn impacts the operational efficiency of the supply chain. A bullwhip effect at the downstream has a significant impact on forecasting, production and inventory at the upstream. Even if apparel companies install IT systems, it is challenging for companies to obtain sales data that do not own their sales channels. It becomes difficult to refine manufacturing according to sales data. Countering Traditional Supply Chain Issues The Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices Some of the key words that have stood out from my analysis of the traditional supply chain are changing customer tastes leading to uncertain demand, long lead time, inventory costs, ineffective information flow, IT infrastructure, make or buy strategies. How did some of the high-velocity fashion retail houses conquer these challenges? An analysis of the supply chain practices at two such fast fashion retail companies Zara and HM provide key insights. 1. Quick Response to Shifting Consumer Tastes and Demands The retail clerks and store managers at Zara determine the new styles to manufacture by feeding sales data back to the manufacturers. Store managers and staff relay customer feedback to regional managers on styles, fabric, cut and colours. While most fashion houses create designs for the public, it is the public that creates Zara’s designs.HM‘s design team too bring to the stores clothes that customers are demanding. HM adopts a customer-driven approach to production. By making use of traditional research methods as well as street trends, HM’s central staff and national offices channelise a lot of their effort into research and prediction of emerging trends. The new high velocity retailers require frequent shipment in small batches as an ongoing replenishment determined by ongoing sales data as well as customer preferences at sales outlets in contrast to traditional apparel supply chain model where manufacturers made typical bulk shipment per season. Both HM and Zara long renounced the traditional industry practice of spring/summer and autumn/winter collections. Their seasonless cycle involves bringing new clothes on a rolling basis throughout the year, which enables designers to receive customers’ reactions to their new line and incorporate them into more new lines rapidly. Zara has the fastest lead time with a catwalk to rack time of just 15 days. 2. Increased Flexibility of   Supply Chain Through Vertical Integration The success of Zara’s fast production is in its vertically integrated supply chain model providing total control of its process from design to sale. Zara owns most of its manufacturing capability and is thus able to maintain flexibility of the manufacturing process enabling it to respond to rapidly changing consumer tastes. About 50% of Zara’s clothes are manufactured in its state-of- the art factories. Zara uses a hybrid manufacturing approach with high demand trendy, highly perishable clothes being produced in its factories in small batches, whereas low demand variability items such as T-shirts and jeans are produced by contract manufacturers. HM does not have factories but relies on a network of 750 external suppliers with flexible lead times and low production costs.   HM also pioneered vertical integration with the distribution network. This vertical marketing enables HM to directly gain and exploit information about sales and customers and accelerate its response to the market. Vertical integration enables cost savings due to reduced tiers in supply chain. 3. Better Inventory Management Through Controlled Production At Zara, if a particular range or style of clothes sells out, it simply makes more of them. If it doesn’t, then it stops production. This approach coupled with Zara’s bi-weekly shipment to retail stores minimises overstock and inventory enabling Zara’s clothes to be sold at full retail price with high profit margins.   Zara limits each design to 3 sizes and 3 colours. Zara is efficiently able to move inventory owing to its up-to-the-minute design, just-in time production and delivery. HM, which relies on its suppliers aims to find the optimal time and supplier to order each item of clothing. On an average, HM is able to get supplementary orders in a few weeks for clothes that are selling well. At HM, the stock management is primarily handled internally.   The store stockroom within HM called the ‘Call-Off warehouse’ replenishes stores with clothes that are in high demand on item level. 4. Use of   Efficient IT Infrastructure   for Rapid Information Dissemination High-velocity operation depends on rapid information flow to a large extent. All of Zara’s stores are linked to its headquarters electronically. The entire supply-chain operation at Zara from design to retail is digitally controlled. Information flow binds the entire pieces of Zara’s operation together. Information is shared openly across business units that are highly adaptable with decision making capacity. IT is a crucial component of HM’s value chain. IT integrates HM stores with the logistics, procurement departments and the central warehouse. An intelligent procurement system processes sales data gathered from central departments. Communication on design and new product development occurs electronically between departments. Limitation of Fast Fashion Supply Chain Practices Clearly, some of the supply chain practices of Zara and HM have been a break-through in the traditional supply chain apparel industry. While the advantages of their practices are undisputable, it is important to be aware of some of their limitations. 1. Vertical Integration v/s Economies of Scale While vertical integration has several advantages, it is important to note some of the limitations. As seen from Zara’s vertical integration model from design to sale and HM’s vertical integration in distribution, flexibility and control are the key drivers. However, vertical integration doesn’t enable acquiring economies of scale. Low lead times of Zara and HM does not give them the cost advantage of high volume discount manufacturing or buying. 2. Centralised Distribution Centres v/s Global Expansion Both Zara and HM are quickly able to replenish garments in their numerous retail stores across Europe.   Although both Zara and HM have scaled up their distribution systems, the centralised logistics will be subject to diseconomies of scale as newer stores are opened in new markets and continents. Shipping garments from their single distribution centre may work well within Europe. However, short lead times and low operational costs may be impacted as they branch out in new territories. 3. Vertical Integration in New Markets v/s High Labour and Production Costs To have state- of- the art factories and replicate the manufacturing, distribution process in new countries may be challenging. Potential economic and regulatory variables such as minimum wages or unions may render manufacturing in new countries impractical.   The Best Fit Supply Chain Practices   for a Fast Fashion Retail Company Taking the best supply chain practices of fast fashion houses Zara and HM and at the same time covering the gap for some of their identified limitations forms the basis of my recommendation. 1.   Seamless Integration of Design Cycles with Inventory Control Integrate design cycles seamlessly inventory control and thereby control short term expenses with long term performance goals. Customers can be compelled to revisit stores for new designs and catering to their varied tastes through rapid response through effective inventory management 2.   Make Them And   Buy Some The advantages of vertical integration are far too many. But vertical integration as seen is not without limitations. The costs associated with rapid manufacturing maybe suitable for fast forward apparel. However, for clothes with low demand variability, a long lead time with materials and manufacturing costs savings may be more efficient.   Low variability garments also enable acquiring economies of scale with bulk manufacturing or buying. 3. Negotiate Shipping Contracts for Overseas Expansion E-Retailing Thinking ahead, as part of overseas expansion and e-retailing strategy, setting up manufacturing and distribution centres overseas can involve significant costs. It would be prudent to set up contracts with 3rd party logistic companies that enable negotiations of transportation costs based on volume and frequency by acquiring economies of scale 4. Use   Efficient IT Systems for Seamless   Information Flow Invest in Enterprise-wide IT systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to integrate all entities of the supply chain. Use of other IT systems such as personal device applications (PDAs) by sales clerks to feed in real-time sales data and customer feedback linked to ERP systems will be a key success driver in dissemination of information which in-turn will positively aid in rapid production. Conclusion As a concluding note, emulating the success of fast fashion houses may or may not prove to be the most beneficial approach. Ultimately, the long term goal, positioning and vision of the fast fashion retail company holds the key to adopting the best fit supply chain strategy and practices. Bibliography icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Operations/HM%20Supply%20Chain%20Management%20Practices- Marketing % 20 Case % 20 Study .htm#Idea _ Generation _ and _Design

Leontyne Price, New York Met Opera Star

Leontyne Price, New York Met Opera Star Known for:  New York Metropolitan Opera soprano 1960 – 1985; one of the most popular opera sopranos of recent history, known as the first black American-born prima donna; she was the first black opera singer on televisionOccupation:  opera singerDates:  February 10, 1927 -Also known as: Mary Violet Leontyne Price Background, Family Mother: Kate Baker Price, a midwife, and singer in the church choirFather: James Price, a carpenter who also sang in the church choirHusband: William C. Warfield (married August 31, 1952, divorced 1973; opera singer) Education Central State College (formerly the College of Education and Industrial Arts), Wilberforce, Ohio.  BA, 1949Juilliard School of Music, 1949 - 1952Voice with Florence Page Kimball Leontyne Price Biography A native of Laurel, Mississippi, Mary Violet Leontyne Price pursued a singing career after graduation from college with a B.A. in 1948, where she had studied to be a music teacher. She had been inspired first to pursue singing  upon hearing a Marian Anderson concert when she was nine years old. Her parents encouraged her to learn piano and to sing in the church choir. So after graduating from college, Leontyne Price went to New York, where she studied at the Juilliard School of Music, with Florence Page Kimball guiding her as she would continue to do. Her full scholarship at Juilliard was supplemented by a generous family friend, Elizabeth Chisholm, who covered most of the living expenses. After Juilliard, she had her 1952 debut on Broadway in Virgil Thomson’s revival of Four Saints in Three Acts. Ira Gershwin, based on that performance, chose Price as Bess in a revival of  Porgy and Bess  that played New York City 1952-54 and then toured both nationally and internationally.  She married her co-star, William Warfield who played Porgy to her Bess on the tour, but they separated and later divorced. In 1955, Leontyne Price was chosen to sing the title role in a television production of  Tosca, becoming the first black singer on a television opera production. NBC invited her back for more telecasts of operas in 1956, 1957 and 1960. In 1957, she debuted in her first stage opera, the American premiere of  Dialogues of the Carmelites  by Poulenc. She performed primarily in San Francisco until 1960, appearing in Vienna in 1958 and Milan in 1960.  It was in San Francisco that she first performed in Aida which was to become a signature role; she also played that role in her second Viennese performance.  She also performed with the Chicago Lyric Opera and the American Opera Theater. Returning from a successful international tour, her debut at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York in January 1961, was as Leonora in  Il Trovatore.  The standing ovation lasted 42 minutes. Quickly becoming a leading soprano there, Leontyne Price made the Met her primary base until her retirement in 1985.  She was the fifth black singer in the Met’s opera company, and the first to really achieve stardom there. Associated especially with Verdi and Barber, Leontyne Price sang the role of  Cleopatra, which Barber created for her, at the opening of the new Lincoln Center home for the Met. Between 1961 and 1969, she appeared in 118 productions at the Metropolitan. After that, she began to say â€Å"no† to many appearances at the Metropolitan and elsewhere, her selectivity earning her a reputation as arrogant, though she said she did it to avoid overexposure. She also performed at recitals, especially in the 1970s, and was prolific in her recordings. Many of her recordings were with RCA, with whom she had an exclusive contract for two decades. After her retirement from the Met, she continued to give recitals. Books About Leontyne Price Aida: Leontyne Price, illustrated by Diane and Leo Dillon. Trade Paperback, 1997. Price retells the story of the Ethiopian princess who is sold into slavery in Egypt.Leontyne Price: Opera Superstar  (Library of Famous Women): Richard Steins, Library Binding, 1993.